Fast solutions:
a.
15000 caterpillars,
1500 birds
500 tigers.
b. They are getting $\frac{42}{75}$ = 56 % of what could get.
c. 10000 caterpillars = 1000 birds = 333 tigers, 267 tigers would starve.
d. 89286 tigers
Detailed solutions:
a. The ratio is 1 bush : 30 caterpillars : 3 birds : 1 tiger, so with 500 bushes,
500 x 30 = 15000 caterpillars,
500 x 3 = 1500 birds,
500 x 1 = 500 tigers.
b. Lets say one bush contains 100 energy points. Then the caterpillars eat it, and have 75 points available to them. The birds get 75% of these points, 56 points, so the tiger has 42 points available to it. From eating the bush it could have obtained 75 points, so it's obtaining 42/75 = 56 % of what it could get.
c. We still have 500 bushes but now we have 10000 caterpillars, so
10000 x 10 = 1000 birds
10000/30 = 333 tigers
The new numbers would be the equilibrium point, 267 tigers would starve.
d. 500 bushes give 500 x 100 x 75 energy points. Tigers need 42 energy points, so the tiger population would increase to $\frac{500 \times 100 \times 75}{42}$ = 89286 tigers!
The caterpillar and bird populations would be left with no food and would decrease unless they found another source of food.